Online and on the streets, Mexico youth protests grow as election looms

*Por Catherine E. Shoichet/CNN

They sport purple hair and piercings, plaid shirts and plastic aviator glasses. A guy with dreadlocks totes a bongo drum.

Five weeks ago, they were scrambling to finish homework assignments and studying for exams at Mexico City's Iberoamerican University. Before then, many of them had never met.

Now, the students huddle in a tight circle at a weekend protest, stack their hands in the middle and belt out a school cheer: Wolves, howling, on the path to truth. Ow-ooo. Ow-ooo. Ow-ooo.

They have become high-profile protagonists in a swelling youth movement that has drawn attention from the nation's presidential candidates and added fuel to the political frenzy leading up to Sunday's vote.

They protest by day and plan by night, using social media as a key weapon in their offensive.

A video they made has garnered more than 1.1 million views on YouTube. Three of four candidates squared off in an online presidential debate they helped organize. Thousands of youth across the country are wearing T-shirts and waving signs that support them.

"It's like a storm, getting stronger," says Luis Gregorio Sosa, a 25-year-old graduate student who marched in Sunday's protest in the nation's capital. "It's the first time in a long time that young people have raised their voice."

Mexico's 'lost generation'

By the numbers, the picture for Mexico's young people is bleak.

Analysts point to them as the most common casualties in a brutal drug war that has claimed more than 47,500 lives in fewer than six years.

And the unemployment rate of those aged 15 to 24 is nearly 10%, double the national figure.

"Being young, poor and living in the wrong place adds up to a death sentence," academic Alberto Aziz wrote in a 2010 column for Mexico's El Universal newspaper.

Officials estimate that millions of young Mexicans neither study nor work. They are known the ninis -- Spanish for neither, nor. Some have called them Mexico's "lost generation."

"Many young people, when they finish middle school, they are left for years with no direction," says Norma Escobar, strategy recruitment director at the Manpower employment agency in Mexico City.

The problem is so prevalent that government-sponsored youth addiction centers across the country offer brightly colored brochures for ninis alongside handouts that warn against smoking, alcohol and drugs.

"If they ask you, 'do you work or do you study?' and you cannot answer, this information is for you," the brochure's cover says.

"Between 7 and 9 million youth like you neither study nor work," the brochure says, advising readers to try different activities like playing sports, volunteering or learning a language.

More than 100 government-sponsored Juvenile Integration Centers across the country have programs aimed at keeping ninis off the streets.

"Our goal is to keep them from falling into the world of drugs," says Juan Ramiro Vazquez Torres, a regional coordinator based in Mexico City.

If they don't, the consequences can be dire.

Last year, a judge sentenced a 14-year-old boy to three years in a correctional facility after he was found guilty of torturing and beheading at least four people while working for the South Pacific drug cartel.

Mexican youth are "the most affected not just by unemployment, but also by the lack of health care coverage, discrimination, violence and the fight against organized crime," according to a study released in April by Metropolitan Autonomous University sociology professor Enrique Cuna Perez.

Those same factors discourage young people from believing in the country's democracy, he says.

About a third of Mexico's 79.4 million registered voters are between the ages of 18 and 29.

According to Cuna's study, 75% of young Mexicans surveyed said they weren't planning to vote in this year's presidential elections.

'Like trying to put out a fire with gasoline'

Young faces flash by in the video, one by one.

Bunk beds and pink wallpaper and photo collages appear behind them.

They say their names and hold their school IDs and repeat, "We are students from the Ibero."

Days earlier, they booed and chanted "get out" when presidential candidate Enrique Peña Nieto visited the Iberoamerican University.

Officials from Peña Nieto's campaign quickly dismissed the May 11 protest, saying the outbursts were not from students but from outsiders dragged there by political operatives to cause commotion. As he rushed out to a waiting car, the candidate told CNNMexico he did not believe that the protesters were genuine.

"That," says 22-year-old communications student Federico Gomez, "was like trying to put out a fire with gasoline."

Three days later, the students fired back on social media, promoting a video on YouTube titled "131 students from the Ibero respond."

The day the video went up, it became a trending topic on Twitter, says Rodrigo Serrano, one of the students who helped edit it. In 24 hours, it was viewed half a million times.

Students at other universities quickly showed their solidarity, posting links to the video on Twitter and Facebook with the hashtag #YoSoy132 (I am 132).

That small catchphrase became the name for something much larger. What started with 131 students at one school in Mexico City has expanded into a political movement that includes more than 100 universities throughout the country.

#YoSoy132 has committees and meetings, strategies and spokesmen.

Its activism moves fluidly from social media to the streets, with tens of thousands of students marching in numerous demonstrations in Mexico's capital and throughout the nation.

Support for the movement extends beyond Mexico's borders. A post on an Occupy Wall Street website last month called on supporters of the U.S.-based movement to "express solidarity with the Mexican Spring."

Students from the Ibero say they hoped to draw attention to their cause but never expected the group to grow so large or so fast.

"I never thought I'd see something like this in my generation," says Sosa, the grad student.

He notes there are parallels -- but also significant differences -- between the Mexican youth protests and the so-called Arab Spring demonstrations that toppled governments in the Middle East.

"We are not clamoring for democracy like they are," he says. "We are defending our democracy."

Sosa and other participants in the movement say #YoSoy132 has no political affiliation but opposes the candidacy of Peña Nieto, whose Institutional Revolutionary Party ruled Mexico for more than 70 years until it was ousted in 2000 elections.

They also criticize Mexican networks Televisa and TV Azteca, which control more than 90% of the market in a country where the vast majority of people still get their news and information through broadcast television.

Protesters say Televisa and TV Azteca have showered Peña Nieto's campaign with favorable coverage. The broadcasters deny it, saying each candidate has been given equal time.

Sharp rebukes of the student movement have continued to come from Peña Nieto's campaign and supporters, who accuse the students of being partisan, disingenuous and disrespectful.

When #YoSoy132 hosted an online presidential debate this month, Peña Nieto sent a letter declining the movement's invitation to attend, saying, "the group's political position against me and my proposals ... does not guarantee the space of neutrality that is required to conduct a debate in conditions of equality."

But the other three candidates attended, with the surge in youth activism drawing attention from both ends of the political spectrum.

Josefina Vázquez Mota of the conservative ruling National Action Party has pledged to make young people an integral part of her government.

"I am not going to consult with young people," she told a separate online town hall meeting this month. "I am going to ask them to come build with me."

Andres Manuel López Obrador of the left-wing, opposition Democratic Revolution Party recently told a crowd of young supporters that he understood why they were clamoring to be heard after years of policies that left them unemployed and undereducated.

"The role you are playing is fundamental," he said, "because young people have been sacrificed all this time."

Pushing for Internet access

A sea of students marches past the offices of some of Mexico's largest newspapers on Sunday, a week before the presidential vote. About a dozen students from the Ibero's 131 are among them.

As the crowd walks by an intersection known as the Corner of Information, they call out in unison, "We are not one. We are not 100. Sold-out press, count us well."

Federico Soto bangs on a bongo drum, chanting with the crowd.

He and many of those around him are pushing for more Mexicans to turn to the Internet and social media for their news rather than relying on traditional outlets.

Media bias, they argue, is a problem that goes beyond campaign season -- and a problem that more widespread Internet availability could solve.

"We want free Internet, accessible for everyone," Soto says.

Mexican election could mean drug war strategy shift, U.S. officials say

About 95% of Mexican homes have a television, while 22% have Internet service, according to the country's 2010 Census.

"There are still many people without connections, and the connections we have are costly and of poor quality," says Raul Trejo Delarbre, a professor who studies social media at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

It's no surprise that #YoSoy132 would be pushing for more Internet access, he says. The social media skills of its members have been a key part of their success.

"This movement is made of young people who have grown up with the Internet," he says. "It is a continuation of their daily space."

But social media savvy isn't enough to maintain a movement, says Trejo. The leaderless group -- accused by critics of lacking direction -- must better define its main demands, he says.

"We'll see what happens after the elections," he says.

'This is the beginning'

Members of the movement say they're committed to its staying power, no matter what happens Sunday.

"We are ninis," one demonstrator's sign says at Sunday's protest. "We neither give up nor shut up."

Nearby, a girl with blue streaks in her hair and braces on her teeth hoists a huge, hand-painted sign.

"Mexico woke up," it says in curvy letters surrounding an image of a flowering cactus.

The girl holding the sign, Selene Galindo Enriquez, says she woke up too after she saw the Ibero students' video online and then starting doing more research.

"I realized there were other people who think the way I do," says Galindo, 20, who plans to vote for the first time Sunday.

Her friends tried to dissuade her from participating in the movement, telling her it was a waste to spend time with people "who make noise but don't know why." But she started coming to protest marches and other #YoSoy132 events anyway, her mother at her side.

"We'll see what happens, because who knows how many of us there are," she says. "This is the beginning of many things."

Someone shouts into a megaphone, "Let's go to Televisa," and the crowd of protesters winds down a side street toward the media giant's studios.

This time, the Ibero students opt out. There is only a week until the election and much to be done. More social media campaigns. A protest the day before the vote. Training election observers.

They pile into cars and pull away from Mexico City's main drag but minutes later cross paths with throngs of protesters, marching toward the television station to protest its coverage.

Demonstrators file across the street wielding banners that say "Turn off your television, turn on your brain" and "We are more awake than ever." Many wave signs saying "#YoSoy132."

One of the Ibero students, Federico Gomez, pounds his car horn in a show of support. The crowd cheers. He sticks his arm out the window and pumps his fist in the air as traffic cops wave him past.

Sosa sits in the passenger seat, flipping through the pages of a comic book and skimming his Twitter feed. A pop song blares through the car's speakers:

Tonight

We are young

So we'll set the world on fire

We can burn brighter 

Than the sun…
They are on the way to a classmate's house to plan the group's next move.

® Derechos Reservados. Originalmente publicado en CNN International (28/06/2012).